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The upgrade is a coincidence, and the problem could have been triggered by something as simple as restarting the application pool; this is handled entirely by IIS (more specifically, Microsoft Negotiate).
Negotiate authentication uses Kerberos (see Kerberos Explained), and this is difficult to debug. You can search for things like “windows negotiate authentication fails” to find all sorts of tips, but this article has been a good resource.
In my experience, the most common reasons this doesn’t work:
accessing by a different url (buildmastersv vs buildmastersv.mydomain.local)
having a time difference between server and domain controller
not having certain patches/windows updates
NTLM is a different type of authentication, which may not be desirable.